Essential Biomarkers in Male Longevity

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Core Biomarkers

We focus on biomarkers that have been scientifically proven to be relevant for longevity.

Name
Module
Aim
Fasting plasma glucose
Metabolic
Basal metabolism, diabetes risk marker
Fasting insulin
Metabolic
Insulin resistance screening
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Metabolic
Long-term glycemia (long-term blood sugar)
C-peptide
Metabolic
Endogenous insulin production, β-cell function
HOMA-IR (calculated)
Metabolic
Quantification of insulin resistance
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
Metabolic
Glycation stress, vascular stiffness
β-Hydroxybutyrate (blood)
Metabolic
Metabolic flexibility / ketogenesis
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Metabolic
Dynamic glucose tolerance assessment
Adiponectin
Metabolic
Insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory
Leptin
Metabolic
Satiety and obesity markers
Leptin-to-adiponectin ratio
Metabolic
Markers of insulin resistance & inflammation
Free fatty acids (non-esterified fatty acids, NEFA)
Metabolic
Lipolysis indicator, metabolic flexibility
Total cholesterol
Cardio
Basic lipid profile
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
Cardio
Atherosclerosis risk
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
Cardio
Anti-atherogenic, reverse cholesterol transport
Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)
Cardio
Assessment of hepatic secretion of atherogenic lipids into the bloodstream
Triglycerides
Cardio
Marker of insulin resistance and atherogenic risk
Triglyceride-to-HDL ratio (TG/HDL)
Cardio
Surrogate marker for insulin resistance
Cholesterol/HDL-C ratio
Cardio
Assessment of the balance between total cholesterol and cardioprotective HDL cholesterol
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL): total cholesterol – HDL-C
Cardio
Assess all atherogenic lipids in the blood
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
Cardio
Number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1)
Cardio
Main protein in HDL, reverse cholesterol transport
ApoB-to-ApoA1 ratio
Cardio
Atherogenic balance
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]
Cardio
Genetic marker for atherosclerotic risk
LDL particle number (LDL-P, NMR)
Cardio
Atherogenic particle number, stronger predictor than LDL-C
LDL particle size
Cardio
Small, dense LDL are more atherogenic
NMR lipoprotein subfractions
Cardio
Detailed particle structure & number
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)
Cardio
Lipid oxidation, plaque activity
Malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL)
Cardio
Indicator of oxidative LDL damage
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)
Cardio
Plaque inflammation & rupture risk
Lipase
Cardio
Should sometimes be checked under GLP-1 agonists or if triglycerides are very high
Desmosterol, lathosterol, campesterol, sitosterol (sterol profile)
Cardio
Marker for cholesterol synthesis vs. absorption
Omega-3 index (EPA + DHA in erythrocytes)
Cardio
Inflammation modulation, cardiovascular protection
High-sensitivity troponin I or T (hs-troponin)
Cardio
Early detection of myocardial damage
N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP)
Cardio
Cardiac stress, risk of heart failure
High‑Sensitivity C‑Reactive Protein (hs‑CRP)
Inflammation
Low-grade inflammation, cardiovascular (CV) prognosis
Interleukin‑6 (IL‑6)
Inflammation
Proinflammatory cytokine
Tumor Necrosis Factor‑alpha (TNF‑α)
Inflammation
Systemic inflammation
Fibrinogen
Inflammation
Coagulation and inflammation marker, CV risk
GlycA (NMR-based inflammatory marker)
Inflammation
Integrated marker of chronic inflammation
Homocysteine
Inflammation
12 hours fasting beforehand
Uric acid (urate)
Inflammation
Metabolic stress, inflammation, endothelial function
Serum Creatinine
Kidney
Kidney function, increased with creatine intake
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
Kidney
Kidney function assessment
Cystatin C
Kidney
Sensitive kidney marker
eGFR – Cystatin C (mL/min/1.73 m²)
Kidney
Estimate of how much blood the kidneys filter per minute (mL/min), calculated from age and sex
Microalbumin/Creatinine Ratio (urine)
Kidney
Early nephropathy, vascular damage
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT / GPT)
Liver
Liver cell damage, NAFLD
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST / GOT)
Liver
Liver and muscle health
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Liver
NAFLD, alcohol consumption, cholestasis indicator
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Liver
Cholestasis / bone health
Bilirubin (total & direct)
Liver
Liver function, antioxidant capacity
Albumin (serum)
Liver
Liver synthetic function, nutritional status
Total Protein
Liver
Protein synthesis
NAFLD Fibrosis Score (calculated)
Liver
Liver fibrosis risk stratification
Fatty Liver Index (FLI)
Liver
NAFLD risk assessment
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Hormone
Regulation of thyroid function
Free Thyroxine (fT4)
Hormone
Thyroid hormone supply in the blood
Free Triiodothyronine (fT3)
Hormone
Active thyroid hormone at tissue level
Reverse T3 (rT3)
Hormone
Metabolic brake / chronic stress indicator
Anti-Thyroperoxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO)
Hormone
Autoimmune thyroiditis screening
ATA (Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies)
Hormone
-
ATPA = Anti-TSH Receptor Antibodies
Hormone
-
Testosterone (total)
Hormone
Anabolism, muscle mass, libido
Free Testosterone
Hormone
Bioavailable testosterone
Free Androgen Index (ratio of total testosterone to SHBG × 346.7)
Hormone
-
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)
Hormone
Binding of sex hormones, influences free testosterone
Estradiol (E2)
Hormone
Ovarian function, bone protection
Estrone (E1)
Hormone
-
Progesterone
Hormone
Luteal phase, fertility
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Hormone
Ovarian reserve / menopause status
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Hormone
Ovulation control, menopause status
Prolactin
Hormone
Prolactinoma, cycle anomalies
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S)
Hormone
Adrenal reserve, aging marker
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)
Hormone
GH axis, cell repair; excessively high levels associated with cancer
Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH Vitamin D) in serum
Nutrition
Bone, immune function, inflammation modulation
Holotranscobalamin (Active Vitamin B12)
Nutrition
Bioactive B12 form, neurological function
Methylmalonic Acid (MMA)
Nutrition
Functional B12 deficiency
Bioactive Folate in EDTA blood
Nutrition
Long-term folate status
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), bioactive (EDTA)
Nutrition
Carbohydrate metabolism, nervous system
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Nutrition
Redox cofactor, energy metabolism
Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide)
Nutrition
NAD+ precursor, lipid metabolism
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Nutrition
CoA synthesis, energy metabolism
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate), bioactive in serum
Nutrition
Amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitters
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Nutrition
Cofactor in carboxylases
Vitamin B9 (Folate) – Serum
Nutrition
Methylation, DNA synthesis
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) – Total
Nutrition
Storage form and screening
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Nutrition
Antioxidant, cofactor
Vitamin E (Tocopherols, lipid-adapted)
Nutrition
Lipid-soluble antioxidant
Magnesium (whole blood)
Nutrition
Cell function, ATP metabolism
Zinc (whole blood)
Nutrition
Cofactor, immune function
Copper (whole blood)
Nutrition
Redox cofactor, relationship to zinc (important in DAO deficiency)
Selenium (whole blood)
Nutrition
Antioxidant protection, thyroid
Calcium (serum)
Nutrition
Bone metabolism, signaling
Phosphate (serum)
Nutrition
Bone metabolism, energy
Sodium (serum)
Nutrition
Electrolyte / fluid status
Potassium (whole blood)
Nutrition
Heart rhythm, muscle function
Chloride (serum)
Nutrition
Acid-base balance
Neuro Profile (Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Glycine, Threonine, Cystathionine, Arginine, Citrulline, Ornithine, Asparagine, Alanine)
Nutrition
Amino acids
Metabolic Profile: Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Taurine, Lysine, Glutamine, Methionine, Histidine, Proline, Hydroxyproline, Serine
Nutrition
Amino acids
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, Intact PTH)
Bone
Calcium regulation, secondary hyperparathyroidism
C-Terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX)
Bone
Bone resorption
Procollagen Type I N-Propeptide (P1NP)
Bone
Bone formation / remodeling
Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b)
Bone
Osteoclast activity
Boron (trace element)
Bone
Bone metabolism (supplementary)
Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL)
Neuro
Neuronal damage, neurodegenerative progression
Amyloid-β42/40 Ratio (plasma)
Neuro
Alzheimer biomarker (early)
Phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau181 / p-Tau217) plasma
Neuro
Alzheimer indicator
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
Neuro
Neuroplasticity
Cortisol daily profile (saliva)
Neuro
HPA axis, stress load
Cortisol, basal, in serum
Neuro
-
Serotonin (serum / urine)
Neuro
Neurotransmitter status
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) total – men
Oncology
Prostate cancer screening from age 45
PSA free fraction / ratio (free/total %)
Oncology
Differentiation of benign vs. malignant causes
CA-125 – women
Oncology
Ovarian carcinoma (screening if at risk)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Oncology
Colorectal / other tumor monitoring
CA 19-9
Oncology
Pancreas / biliary tumors
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Oncology
Hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumors
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE)
Oncology
Neuroendocrine and small cell tumors
Thyroglobulin / Calcitonin
Oncology
Thyroid carcinomas / medullary carcinoma
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Oncology
Non-specific cell turnover, tumor activity
Lead – blood
Detox
Heavy metal exposure, neurotoxicity
Mercury – blood
Detox
Neurotoxicity
Lactate / Pyruvate Ratio
Mitochondrial
Mitochondrial function
Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO, plasma)
Gastro
Microbiome-dependent cardiovascular risk
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Titer & Pattern
Immune
Systemic autoimmune disease screening
Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
Immune
Rheumatoid arthritis screening
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)
Blood count
Basic hematology diagnostics, O₂ transport
Hemoglobin
Blood count
Oxygen transport, anemia detection
Hematocrit
Blood count
Fraction of red blood cells in blood volume
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Blood count
Red blood cell volume, anemia typing
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Blood count
Hemoglobin content per red blood cell
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Blood count
Hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells
Reticulocytes
Blood count
Erythropoietic activity
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
Blood count
Infection and inflammation markers
Neutrophils (absolute)
Blood count
Bacterial infections, acute inflammation
Lymphocytes (absolute)
Blood count
Viral infections, immune status
Monocytes (absolute)
Blood count
Chronic inflammation, phagocytosis
Eosinophils (absolute)
Blood count
Allergies, parasitosis
Basophils (absolute)
Blood count
Rare marker, allergies
Platelet Count
Blood count
Coagulation capacity
Transferrin Saturation
Blood count
-
Ferritin
Blood count
-
Prothrombin Time (PT) / INR
Blood count
Extrinsic coagulation pathway, monitoring of vitamin K antagonists
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
Blood count
Intrinsic coagulation pathway, heparin monitoring
D-Dimer
Blood count
Fibrinolysis / thromboembolism screening
Antithrombin III – Activity
Blood count
Anticoagulation regulation
Factor VIII – Activity
Blood count
Thrombophilia diagnostics
Total Price
~500€


Specialised Biomarkers

Specialised biomarker testing is optional and can be offered when relevant to your personal health profile.

Name
Module
Aim
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
Metabolic
Postprandial spikes, glucose variability
Cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) multi-cancer panel (e.g., Galleri, Guardant)
Oncology
Multi-cancer early detection via cfDNA
cfDNA methylation panels
Oncology
Epigenetic tumor signatures
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
Oncology
Tumor activity / metastasis monitoring
BRCA1 / BRCA2 (germline mutations)
Genetics
Predisposition for breast, ovarian, prostate cancers
Lynch syndrome panel (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2)
Genetics
Predisposition for colorectal & endometrial cancer
TP53 / KRAS / EGFR / BRAF (germline or somatic)
Genetics
Therapy decision & risk stratification
Apolipoprotein E genotype (ApoE)
Genetics
Genetic predisposition for dyslipidemia and Alzheimer’s
CYP genotypes (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4)
Detox
Drug metabolism, detoxification capacity
GSTM1, GSTT1, COMT, MTHFR, NAT1/2, UGT1A1
Detox
Conjugation capacity, methylation
Oral microbiome (saliva/plaque) & aMMP‑8 (matrix metalloproteinase‑8)
Oral Health
Periodontal health, systemic associations
8‑Hydroxy‑2′‑deoxyguanosine (8‑OHdG) — urine
Oxidative stress
DNA oxidation marker
Stool microbiome: diversity, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pathogens
Gastro
Gut health, inflammation, metabolism
Fecal calprotectin
Gastro
Intestinal inflammation
360° Evidence-Based Health Check

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